Altered States of Consciousness

19 May 2016

It’s not that difficult to alter your consciousness. You might start your day with a stimulating cup of coffee, or end it with a relaxing cocktail. Even without imbibing any substances, you can alter your consciousness by doing various activities, like yoga, meditation, or with a simple walk in the woods. But if you really want a powerful, fast, and direct way to get into aradicallyaltered state, try taking a mind-altering drug, like LSD, peyote, or ayahuasca.

几千年来,人类一直在用致幻剂改变自己的意识,但直到最近,我们才看到有关致幻剂使用和效果的科学研究。

Of course, back in the early sixties, when those substances were still legal, Timothy Leary and friends did some research on psychedelics. While some of their work focused on how psilocybin (the active ingredient in magic mushrooms) might be used to rehabilitate prisoners, what Leary and his cohorts were really interested in was the spiritual or mystical states that psychedelics could induce, and the insights about the nature of self, consciousness, and the universe that these “higher states” of consciousness were thought to provide.

Nixon once described Leary as “the most dangerous man in America.” It was a view many people at the time shared. Leary ended up being fired from his position at Harvard, he became a fugitive on the run from the law, and was eventually arrested and imprisoned for several years.

While the scientific work Leary and his colleagues did on psychedelics was important and pioneering, many think that his extra-curricular, proselytizing activities—including leading the “turn on, tune in, and drop out” countercultural movement of the late sixties (which involved many young people supposedly “frying” their brains on acid)—were ultimately to blame for these substances being outlawed. Regardless, once psychedelics became illegal, scientific research became virtually impossible. Until very recently.

We’re now entering into an exciting time for the study of psychedelics. Some new research is focused on the mind expanding aspects of psychedelic experiences, and what that tells us about the nature of consciousness. But some is investigating how psychedelics can treat various psychological conditions, like depression, addiction, and PTSD. And the results, while just preliminary, are very promising!

Now I imagine there are many skeptics out there, especially when it comes to claims about how psychedelics provide deep “insights” into the nature of reality. If you've never tried psychedelics, you might be especially skeptical. After all, there is something odd about taking a substance that messes with your brain chemistry and causes you to hallucinate, and then thinking you learned something about the world as a result. How exactly dohallucinationsgive rise to genuine insights aboutthe nature of reality?

为了回答这个问题,我们需要考虑一些即将出现的新研究。例如,最近关于裸盖菇素的研究发现,吃了蘑菇的人的大脑活动与婴儿或学龄前儿童非常相似。“被改变”的大脑比“正常”的大脑更不专注,更不协调,前额叶区域的活动也更少,前额叶区域是控制目标导向行动的执行部分。

You might wonder how that fact explains the possibility of genuine insight resulting from a psychedelic experience. How does havinglessfocus andlesscontrol lead togreaterinsight?

想想学龄前儿童,他们能吸收多少信息,他们学习的速度有多快。年轻一代的头脑中有一种灵活性,但随着年龄的增长,我们失去了这种灵活性。小孩子喜欢探索,喜欢发现。当他们开始上学时,随着他们开始掌握特定的技能,他们的注意力和专注力开始缩小。

By adulthood, this flexibility in the mind gives rise to more fixed habits of thought. What psychedelics do is bring you back to this childlike state of mental flexibility. Your attention has a much wider focus, your vision expands, and you become aware of many more things than you would if you were sober and narrowly focused. Aldous Huxley, who experimented with the with drug mescaline, described psychedelics as a "valve" that opened "the doors of perception."

迷幻体验的这种意识扩张也是你可能不想嗑药的原因,如果你要完成一些需要高度集中精力的困难任务,比如报税。也就是说,你可以看到为什么这种扩展的状态可以提高创造性的追求和审美体验。迷幻药经常伴随着强烈的音乐体验,这并非偶然。

This broadening of focus also suggests a way in which psychedelics could help alleviate depression and addiction, conditions which might be described as involving an overly rigid or fixed focus.

尽管对致幻剂有了新的令人兴奋的科学研究,但关于其长期影响的数据却很少。这就是为什么我们需要更多的研究。但如果我们真的想了解更多关于迷幻药的潜在好处,我们必须改变我们目前的毒品政策。也许还有我们的态度。

希望在蒂莫西·利瑞对致幻剂的初步研究半个世纪后,我们能最终取得一些进展,弄清楚它们真正的潜力是什么。

Comments(9)


mirugai's picture

mirugai

Saturday, May 21, 2016 -- 5:00 PM

THE MIND OF A BABY

THE MIND OF A BABY
心理呓语;应该有哲学呓语,?今天吗?S show就是一个很好的例子。通过对比婴儿扫描时熄灭的红、绿、蓝灯来理解意识?他的大脑,还是服用了迷幻药的人的大脑?饶了我吧!我吗?“作为一名科学家,我们至少需要密西根州30平方英里的菌丝体(地球上最大的生物)的扫描图,以及一只小猎犬、一罐鲔鱼和StoveTop填料混合物来进行比较。我怀疑同样颜色的灯可能会熄灭。
Don?t look for consciousness in the brain. It isn?t there; it isn?t alongside anything else. It isn?t matter, the subject of science. Those who are so desperate for explanations (mostly to confirm their beliefs (non-provables) and more nefariously their wants) make up the stuff that they think is good science to justify them.
我吗?我使用过LSD和其他致幻剂。它们古怪、有趣、可怕;它们是一种娱乐。那些认为它们最有趣的人想要获得和使用它们,而不担心被抓。大麻、酒精、夏威夷度假和非凡的芭蕾也是如此。我既不支持美国的民主,也不支持美国的自由,但那些这么做的人不应该限制任何人?it’购买和使用LSD是正确的。如果美国有全民医保和由税收支付的有保障的国民收入(并且不再把钱浪费在战争和金融救助上),那么就让迷幻剂泛滥吧。
But don?t make up some b.s. about understanding consciousness (of real interest to, statistically, no one) to justify using LSD. Philosobabble. You will never ?understand? consciousness by using science; you can only explore what consciousness is through philosophy (and poetry and comedy).

Gary M Washburn's picture

Gary M Washburn

Sunday, May 22, 2016 -- 5:00 PM

Leary was a hooligan, not a

Leary was a hooligan, not a researcher. He dispensed LSD to unsuspecting victims in an innocent social setting. That's a crime, not research. But the whole question is poisoned by misapprehension of what consciousness is. It is not a state at all and is therefore not altered. It is, rather, a mode of alteration. Most modes of its being "altered" are really modes of its being crippled in the mode of altering itself it is. The most philosophically interesting drug effect is not hallucinogens, but sodium pentothal, the effects of which bring up much more troubling issues. But consciousness is a constantly recurring realization of error and an effort at correction that cannot establish any stable state of anything. It is like balance, which does not set up a stable stance, but is constantly correcting for instabilities. A drug which causes us to stumble could hardly be called an "altered state" of balance. The point is, if you don't know what you're talking about the question is of limited avail. AI, for instance, since it relies on systems of established stability, is not consciousness and cannot be, it is much more properly associated with unconsciousness. If we appreciate that difference we might be in a position to ask more pertinent questions

MJA's picture

MJA

Monday, May 23, 2016 -- 5:00 PM

The highest mind is the

The highest mind is the clearest mind, drug free. =

Harold G. Neuman's picture

Harold G. Neuman

Monday, May 23, 2016 -- 5:00 PM

I had never heard the Nixon

I had never heard the Nixon pronouncement concerning Tim Leary. Calling him a "houligan" seems extreme, but everyone has their take on most everything. I've read what some of the experts have said about consciousness (i.e., Dennett's Consciousness Explained and Combs' Consciousness Explained Better) and the signature semblence between the two was that neither man explained consciousness and neither explanation was in any way better than the other. For my own part, I have opined that consciousness (in humans) is a representation of an advanced state of awareness which cannot (to my knowledge) be equaled in any other known species. It is said that animals "learn", inasmuch as they can development reactions to repetitive stimuli. My cat "knows" the sound of the treat bag and can (it appears) distinguish the rustle of that particular plastic material from a similar rustling of other plastic bags. All of this might lead us to believe that said cat possesses a rudimentary consciousness. But, she does not now know that she will age, weaken and one day die. Or, if she does know this, there is no way she can tell us what she knows.
我们知道什么是有意识的,什么不是。但我们无法测量或以任何方式量化意识。正如Mirugai恰当地指出的那样,它不在大脑中。不是在大脑里,不是,而是有一个比它自己的一团灰色肉更大的大脑的能力的表征。说诸如哲学、诗歌和喜剧之类的东西是认识意识或探索意识是什么的方式,部分是正确的。也许大部分是真实的。因为如果是机器里的幽灵,我们似乎不太可能真正了解它。但是,有时候追影子也很有趣。如果你对动物“意识”的概念感兴趣,可以去读Rupert Sheldrake。他特立独行,但很有趣。
Neuman

mirugai's picture

mirugai

Monday, May 23, 2016 -- 5:00 PM

The one thing we can say

The one thing we can say safely and certainly about animal conscience is that we can say nothing at all about animal consciousness. It is almost as difficult to say something about another person's consciousness.

Gary M Washburn's picture

Gary M Washburn

Tuesday, May 24, 2016 -- 5:00 PM

When we say we know the

当我们说我们知道意识和无意识之间的区别时,我们真正的意思是反应性和无反应性之间的区别。随便你怎么想,如果你没有反应,你就没有意识到。
I have had first-hand accounts of what Leary got up to, by one of his students.

MJA's picture

MJA

Tuesday, May 24, 2016 -- 5:00 PM

"Animal consciousness", that

"Animal consciousness", that would most certainly include us as well.
意识水平对我来说是另一个奇迹。我发现自然确实是不可估量的,所以我们的意识一定也是不可估量的。虽然有一种清晰的意识,一种真实的意识,光明,隧道尽头的国王之光,平等地连接所有事物的那一种,应许之地,你知道其他的,最后的自由。纯净的,绝对的意识,从一个孩子的眼睛里发出的光芒,我们如何到达那里?我们是否已经在那里或这里,但看不到了,看不到光?如果我们拥有真理,或者我们是光明,我们怎么能失去它,又能重新得到它呢?如果我们再次回到这里,再次看清,我们有责任教别人看清吗?人能教盲人看东西吗?
东方哲学家通过冥想来净化心灵,从而获得启蒙。西方的笛卡尔也找到了同样的澄清方法,他排除一切不确定的想法,将自己还原为“我”。“我”是我们在寻找的光吗?“我”真的是我吗?我们不都是"我"吗,一个"我"正是爱因斯坦相信,通过同样的简化过程,每一个问题都可以得到解决。真理比思想更简单吗?我们是否把自己的想法复杂化了,而忽视了真实的东西?我们是光吗?
I wonder...
Einstein said something like: if he could be a member of any group he would like most to be among the true searchers, for which there are only a few living at one time. For me, I would most like to be with everyone and that everyone at One time could see.
Be One,

Gary M Washburn's picture

Gary M Washburn

Wednesday, May 25, 2016 -- 5:00 PM

Descartes was establishing

Descartes was establishing the anchor of antecedence for his progression of inference, taking the continuity of that progression between that antecedence and its conclusion as a priori or self-evident. But it ain't neither! Actually, if the issue is the anatomy of consciousness, EEG evidence shows that there is a discontinuity between brain activity and awareness of it. That is, it is proven there is brain activity before the event is reported conscious. Though there is, perhaps, effective contrary evidence in our ability to hit a baseball. After all, if it's a matter of timing, we are clearly better at effectuating it than we are at reporting it. In any case, even continuity between termini, like beginning and end, antecedence and consequence, premise and conclusion, does not result in oneness. And that continuity is probably the most dubious concept in all philosophy, East or West.

Tim Smith's picture

Tim Smith

Saturday, May 28, 2016 -- 5:00 PM

I'm not sure of Alison's

I'm not sure if Alison's child centered focus helped or hurt this show.
我认为我们不应该把LSD当作通向童年创造力的大门,也不应该把童年当作改变状态的模型。我这么说是因为我吃过迷幻药,死藤水和秋马。我承认我对童年的记忆不够好,无法凭经验成为那里的权威。相似不等于相同……无论你如何解读大脑扫描。
这是一个非常令人兴奋的话题。从历史的角度来看,许多文化都尊重并有效地利用了这些药物。没有人用它们来建桥或克服贫困。如果这项研究没有混淆焦点和纯粹的现实,那么它就有价值——如果做得好,它实际上会改善焦点。我担心这可能会把一些人引向错误的道路。那将是悲哀的。那些想走这条路的人已经可以走了。我不确定我们还需要做什么。