The phrase "I think, therefore I am" or "Cogito ergo sum" might make Descartes the most-quoted philosopher of the last 400 years. The Frenchman's theory—if I am thinking, I must also be existing—is foundational to modern philosophy. For Descartes, theCogitoformed the foundation of all other knowledge: in the depths ofMeditations, as he doubts everything, theCogito是笛卡尔确信无疑的真理

However, since Descartes, doubt has expanded. David Hume and Immanuel Kant questioned the “I” inI think, therefore I am. For there to be an “I,” doesn’t thought already have to have taken place? Maybe we should say “it thinks” in the same way we say “it rains,” and say that the idea of “I” only comesafterthis thinking.

Diving down the rabbit hole, Sartre posited the existence of multiple different types of consciousness inTranscendence of the Ego. For Sartre, there is first thought, and then consciousness of that thought, and then consciousness of that consciousness of that thought, etc. At some point in the chain, the belief of an “I” pops up.

In a recent article inAeon, Abeba Birhane muses on how Descartes (and Western Philosophy more broadly) thinks of “I,” or the self, as something that appears in a internal mind of an individuals. She writes about how this idea of a self-sufficient, solitary self informs so much of the modern world, including current-day psychology and neuroscience. But Birhane asks a question: what’s the role of other people in the self? Does the self really come from one person’s solitary mind—or do the people around us inform who we refer to when we use the word “I”?

Birhane draws from Ubuntu and Zulu philosophy to describe how certain societies believe that the self comes (at least partially) fromother人，不仅仅是孤独的个体。She writes,

According to Ubuntu philosophy, which has its origins in ancient Africa, a newborn baby is not a person. People are born without ‘ena’, or selfhood, and instead must acquire it through interactions and experiences over time. So the ‘self’/‘other’ distinction that’s axiomatic in Western philosophy is much blurrier in Ubuntu thought. As the Kenyan-born philosopher John Mbiti put it in African Religions and Philosophy (1975): ‘I am because we are, and since we are, therefore I am.

一些哲学家——尤其是那些特殊的“后现代”学派(也包括像休谟这样的老派哲学家)——怀疑自我是否真的存在(一个对佛教思想很重要的概念)。似乎Birhane确实相信自我的存在;然而，她认为这个自我并不是独立存在的，而是来自于各种关系的矩阵。

当我们回答“你是谁”这个问题时，难道不明白这一点吗?Must of us do not answer withCogito ergo sum, or (for the naturalist or empirically-minded among us) hold up a scan of our brains. Rather, when asked “Who are you?” we answer “brother,” “daughter,” “friend,” “healer,” “teacher,” etc. In short, our descriptions of ourselves often invoke our relationships to other.

That all said, I’m not sure I’m sold on a vision of the self as fundamentally relational. I worry we sometimes we get caught in a language game: when someone asks us about ourselves, they normally want to know how to relate to us. It makes sense then that we answer questions about ourselves with information about how we relate to other people. But does that mean we don’t think of ourselves as anything more than our relationship with others? I’m not sure. But I think it’s a beautiful idea—and I want to end of the same note as Birhabe. She writes,

There is a Zulu phrase, ‘Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu’, which means ‘A person is a person through other persons.’ This is a richer and better account, I think, than ‘I think, therefore I am.’

Read Birhabe's article here:https://aeon.co/users/abeba-birhane-2