Last month,a great philosopher passed awayat the age of 95. Adolf Grünbaum was something of a living legend. Perhaps the finest philosopher of science of his generation, and recipient of accolades the world over, Grünbaum was founding director of the world-renowned Center for the History Philosophy of Science at the University of Pittsburgh, where he remained for nearly sixty years.

One of Grünbaum’s many outstanding achievements was his critical interrogation of psychoanalysis from the perspective of the philosophy of science. It was in this context that I first met him. I was at the time a psychoanalytic psychotherapist and Freud scholar who was transitioning into a new identity as a philosopher, and I had great respect for Adolf’s deep and broad understanding of Freud’s thinking, which was far more profound than that of many Freudians. We became good philosophical friends, and he even invited me—then a philosophical neophyte—to come to his Center in Pittsburgh, which was, regrettably, a practical impossibility.

由于阿道夫在我的成长过程中发挥了重要作用，他的去世对我来说是一个打击，使我的思想集中在我们共同的利益上。为了向他致敬，这是关于哲学和精神分析之间联系的一系列博客文章的第一篇。

Every once in a while, a student or a colleague asks me who my favorite philosopher is. I tell them that I have two answers to this question: the name of my favorite living philosopher and the name of my favorite dead philosopher. My favorite living philosopher is Ruth Millikan. That’s no surprise. Although she’s not widely known outside the philosophy profession, Ruth is very well-known and influential within it. Next, when I start to utter the words “And my favorite dead philosopher is…,” they’re almost always expecting the name of one of the canonical big shots—Aristotle, or Descartes, or Kant, or maybe Frege, or even Heidegger. But instead I complete the sentence with the name “Sigmund Freud.”

Freud?

哲学圈内外的大多数人都认为弗洛伊德是一位心理学家，而不是哲学家。更糟糕的是，他们常常认为他的工作令人痛心passé，往好了说他是一个伪科学家，往坏了说他是一个江湖骗子。但我认为弗洛伊德是一位伟大的哲学家，他仍然有很多关于我们自己的东西要教给我们。我想花点时间向你们解释为什么我这么认为。

Let’s start with some history.

Although Freud studied philosophy in University, taking five courses with Franz Brentano, and even seriously considered doing a joint PhD in philosophy and zoology, he never identified as a philosopher. This was not, as some writers claim, because he was hostile to philosophy (he wasn’t). It was because the kinds of questions that Freud asked, and his style of theorizing about them, weren’t considered as properly philosophical during his lifetime. Freud’s thinking about these issues was hammered out in the days before philosophy took a more naturalistic turn. Nowadays, things are different. A lot of what’s now mainstream philosophy walks arm in arm with science, and Freud’s kind of theorizing would fit in perfectly well with a lot of what goes on in philosophy of mind, philosophy of psychology, ethics, and epistemology.

This transformation of the philosophical landscape was largely due to the efforts of Freud’s Viennese contemporaries, the logical positivists. The logical positivists or “Vienna Circle” were a group of philosophically astute scientists and scientifically literate philosophers who met regularly at the University of Vienna (just a few minutes’ walk from Freud’s apartment) to discuss the relationship between philosophy and science. They saw their mission as implementing a sort of intellectual hygiene. They wanted to cleanse philosophy of the grandiose, head-in-the clouds speculations and to make it a stalwart ally of science.

1924年，当这些年轻的土耳其人第一次见面时，弗洛伊德已经七十多岁了，身患最终要了他的命的癌症。他们的几位重要人物——包括鲁道夫·卡尔纳普和莫里茨·施利克——对弗洛伊德的思想很感兴趣，并受到其影响(与他们有联系的一些柏林哲学家也是如此)。圈子里的几个成员接受了精神分析治疗，精神分析现场的年轻成员与他们互动。然而，据我所知，没有证据表明弗洛伊德知道维也纳圈，更没有证据表明他对它感兴趣。

话虽如此，从某种意义上说弗洛伊德和维也纳学派的哲学家们在进行着同样的斗争。他们都是那种纸上谈心的哲学的死敌，这种哲学产生的理性主义的思想体系似乎令人难以置信地深奥和深刻，但却完全脱离了观察和验证等平庸的考虑。实证主义者认为所有这样的哲学都是语义官样文章，并将其归为他们所谓的“形而上学”的保护伞下——他们认为这是一个极具贬义的术语。弗洛伊德有着惊人相似的态度。最好的例子之一是他在1927年写给心理学家维尔纳·阿切利斯的信中的一段话。

Other defects in my nature have certainly distressed me and made me feel humble; with metaphysics it is different—I not only have no talent for it but no respect for it, either. In secret—one cannot say such things aloud—I believe that one day metaphysics will be condemned as a nuisance as an abuse of thinking, as a survival from the period of the religiousweltanschauung.我很清楚这种思维方式在多大程度上疏远了我与德国文化生活的关系。

就哲学对弗洛伊德的影响而言，许多评论家提到了尼采——甚至说弗洛伊德从这位德国哲学家那里“借来”(或者不那么客气地说，“偷”)了他的主要思想。他们的想法当然有一些惊人的相似之处。弗洛伊德在学生时代就接触到了尼采的思想——这是他非常欣赏的。Although he owned two sets of Nietzsche’sCollected Works, but there’s no evidence that he ever studied them. He never cited Nietzsche in his writings, and he commented in 1925 that he avoided reading the philosopher’s writings because their thinking dovetailed so closely. Not so with other philosophers. For instance, Freud often cited Kant, and his personal copy of Kant’sCritique of Pure Reasonis chock-full of his scribbled marginalia. Schopenhauer was another favorite, and Plato also makes a few appearances in Freud’s corpus. In addition to his admired teacher Franz Brentano, the young Freud was especially stimulated by a philosopher who has passed into obscurity: a man named Theodor Lipps.